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Since then, residents say IS has tried to seal its stronghold off from the outside world, imposing a media blackout on the city's population of more than 300,000.
The flow of information into and out of Raqa had already been restricted since January 2014, when IS seized the city from rebels who had captured it from regime forces in March 2013.
Since the jihadist group took over the provincial capital, only a handful of outsiders have been able to maintain contact with Raqa residents.
They include Britain-based monitor the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and activist group Raqa is Being Slaughtered Silently (RBSS).
RBSS formed secretly in April 2014 to show the world what was happening inside the city, and has documented life there despite a terrifying backlash from IS, which has murdered its activists in Raqa and even in Turkey.
Through RBSS, AFP made contact with several people still inside Raqa, who spoke under pseudonyms and described an atmosphere of growing paranoia among the city's jihadist rulers.
Musa, 31, said IS was carefully controlling access to news on the US-backed campaign to oust the jihadist group from Raqa.
"Because of the heavy restrictions imposed by Daesh on the internet and satellite dishes, it's very difficult to find out what's happening in the battle for Raqa," Musa said, using an Arabic acronym for IS.
"We rely on what we're told by people who do manage to follow the news online -- but that is very difficult to do, and very dangerous."
- Close surveillance -
It is risky to even discuss the battle, he said.
IS only allows "rumours that they are advancing and inflicting losses on the other side, who will fail to enter Raqa, as they put it", said Musa.
Any discussion of IS losses could result in arrest and even execution by the jihadists, he said.
IS has long restricted access to the internet in territory under its control, banning private routers and allowing only a handful of internet cafes to function under close surveillance.
Residents say even permitted cafes are frequently raided to prevent customers accessing banned content.
Since the SDF assault began, IS has closed several internet cafes in the city and erected new checkpoints, 22-year-old activist Ahmed said.
"I go online now and then and surf on certain pages -- but very, very carefully because of the restrictions Daesh puts on internet cafes," he said.
Meanwhile, IS produces a steady stream of victorious propaganda, saying "they are killing and blowing up the Kurds".
IS has imposed an extreme interpretation of Islam on Raqa, executing those who break the group's rules.
The jihadists's de facto Syrian capital has been the scene of some of the group's most horrifying acts of violence, as well as a hub for foreign fighters it has attracted from around the world.
- Trying to escape -
Residents have long been prevented from leaving Raqa without IS permission, but in recent months it has become impossible, said Abu Mohamed, another activist with RBSS who spoke from outside the city.
Abu Mohamed said many residents want to flee.
"But if their plans are discovered, they are arrested and their money is confiscated, and the smugglers trying to help them will be executed," he said.
He described two families who recently tried to escape with their children, terrified of intensifying US-led coalition air strikes and the jihadists' growing paranoia, but were captured shortly after leaving.
The men were imprisoned and the families's money and identity documents were confiscated, he said.
Analysts say the fight for Raqa is likely to be long and complicated.
The SDF says it will involve two phases: the first to besiege the city, and the second to enter and recapture it.
But tensions over which forces will lead the final battle and the risk of civilian casualties are likely to hinder progress.
Musa said he was waiting impatiently to be rid of IS's "occupation".
"Liberation is the dream of all the free people of Raqa," he said.
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The flow of information into and out of Raqa had already been restricted since January 2014, when IS seized the city from rebels who had captured it from regime forces in March 2013.
Since the jihadist group took over the provincial capital, only a handful of outsiders have been able to maintain contact with Raqa residents.
They include Britain-based monitor the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and activist group Raqa is Being Slaughtered Silently (RBSS).
RBSS formed secretly in April 2014 to show the world what was happening inside the city, and has documented life there despite a terrifying backlash from IS, which has murdered its activists in Raqa and even in Turkey.
Through RBSS, AFP made contact with several people still inside Raqa, who spoke under pseudonyms and described an atmosphere of growing paranoia among the city's jihadist rulers.
Musa, 31, said IS was carefully controlling access to news on the US-backed campaign to oust the jihadist group from Raqa.
"Because of the heavy restrictions imposed by Daesh on the internet and satellite dishes, it's very difficult to find out what's happening in the battle for Raqa," Musa said, using an Arabic acronym for IS.
"We rely on what we're told by people who do manage to follow the news online -- but that is very difficult to do, and very dangerous."
- Close surveillance -
It is risky to even discuss the battle, he said.
IS only allows "rumours that they are advancing and inflicting losses on the other side, who will fail to enter Raqa, as they put it", said Musa.
Any discussion of IS losses could result in arrest and even execution by the jihadists, he said.
IS has long restricted access to the internet in territory under its control, banning private routers and allowing only a handful of internet cafes to function under close surveillance.
Residents say even permitted cafes are frequently raided to prevent customers accessing banned content.
Since the SDF assault began, IS has closed several internet cafes in the city and erected new checkpoints, 22-year-old activist Ahmed said.
"I go online now and then and surf on certain pages -- but very, very carefully because of the restrictions Daesh puts on internet cafes," he said.
Meanwhile, IS produces a steady stream of victorious propaganda, saying "they are killing and blowing up the Kurds".
IS has imposed an extreme interpretation of Islam on Raqa, executing those who break the group's rules.
The jihadists's de facto Syrian capital has been the scene of some of the group's most horrifying acts of violence, as well as a hub for foreign fighters it has attracted from around the world.
- Trying to escape -
Residents have long been prevented from leaving Raqa without IS permission, but in recent months it has become impossible, said Abu Mohamed, another activist with RBSS who spoke from outside the city.
Abu Mohamed said many residents want to flee.
"But if their plans are discovered, they are arrested and their money is confiscated, and the smugglers trying to help them will be executed," he said.
He described two families who recently tried to escape with their children, terrified of intensifying US-led coalition air strikes and the jihadists' growing paranoia, but were captured shortly after leaving.
The men were imprisoned and the families's money and identity documents were confiscated, he said.
Analysts say the fight for Raqa is likely to be long and complicated.
The SDF says it will involve two phases: the first to besiege the city, and the second to enter and recapture it.
But tensions over which forces will lead the final battle and the risk of civilian casualties are likely to hinder progress.
Musa said he was waiting impatiently to be rid of IS's "occupation".
"Liberation is the dream of all the free people of Raqa," he said.
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