Egypt's antiquities chief Zahi Hawass said seven of the countries drew up a list of artefacts they wanted back, and the remaining countries were given one month to add items to the list.
"I consider today a historic conference for all the world's countries that have lost artefacts," he said at a press conference.
"We agreed to fight together," he said. "Cultural heritage has to return to its country."
"Seven countries have made a wish list. Some have to go back to their governments; they have a period of one month," he said.
Many of the relics included in the list are in European and North American museums. Egypt demanded six items, including the Rosetta stone in the British Museum and the Dendara temple ceiling in France's Louvre Museum.
Greece listed the Elgin Marbles, a collection of marble structures removed from the Parthenon in the beginning of the 19th century by Thomas Bruce, Earl of Elgin and ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.
Syria demanded five relics, one of them housed in the Louvre, and Libya listed a statue of Apollo in the British Museum and a marble statue of a woman in the Louvre, according to a copy of the list sent by Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities.
The other countries were Nigeria, Guatemala and Peru. "We are waiting for the other countries to present their wish list. Then we can go and fight," Hawass said.
"It doesn't mean that if you have a statue in the museum, you own the statue. No, it belongs to us," he said.
But the conference, touted as the first of its kind, fell short by not laying out an action plan to retrieve the items.
Hawass described international regulations on antiquities as "insufficient" but the conference did not call for an amendment to a UN convention on stolen antiquities that applied to thefts after 1970.
Hawass said the countries had to confer again before drawing up steps they would take but warned of apparently drastic measures.
"I am not going to talk to you about what we are going to do; we have to decide together. Some of us will make the lives of some of those museums that have artefacts miserable," he said.
It was not clear whether he was talking about museums that housed stolen goods or those that displayed relics long excavated from their countries of origin.
The flamboyant archaeologist, who says he has overseen the return of 5,000 relics since he became head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in 2002, suspended ties with the Louvre last year to win the return of five fragments stolen from an ancient Egyptian tomb.
He added he hoped to reach agreements on such relics as the bust of Queen Nefertiti and the Rosetta Stone through negotiations.
Both Berlin's Neues Museum, which has the bust on display, and the British Museum have so far refused to even lend the artefacts to Egypt.
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