"Clashes on the ground as well as fierce air strikes went on all night and are continuing Sunday, especially in the Sheikh Said district" of eastern Aleppo, said Rami Abdel Rahman, head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
The monitor said regime forces took control of the Jandul crossroads in the northeast of Aleppo.
The latest advances aim to clear the way for "a crucial and decisive land offensive", said Syria's Al-Watan newspaper which is close to the government.
The army launched its assault on the besieged sector of Aleppo more than two weeks ago with the backing of Russian air strikes, aiming to reunite the city which was Syria's economic hub before its conflict erupted in 2011.
Air strikes and artillery fire by the regime and its Russian ally killed 290 people, mostly civilians and including 57 children, since the September 22 launch of operations in Aleppo, the Observatory said.
The Britain-based monitor, which compiles its information from sources on the ground, said 50 civilians, including nine children, have also died in rebel bombardment of regime-controlled western districts.
Syria's official SANA news agency said Sunday that rebel shelling killed a baby and wounded two people in the Hamdaniyeh neighbourhood.
On Saturday at the United Nations, Russia vetoed a French-drafted resolution demanding an end to the bombing of Aleppo, but its own rival measure on a truce was rejected.
- 'Fate of Aleppo at stake' -
The failure of the two resolutions deepened divisions at the UN Security Council between Moscow and the Western powers backing rebel forces in Syria's five-year war which has killed more than 300,000 people.
France's draft called for an end to all military flights over Aleppo and to air strikes on the rebel-held east that has 250,000 inhabitants.
"What is at stake today is first and foremost the fate of Aleppo and its people," France's Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault told the council, urging it to take "immediate action in order to save" the city.
It was the fifth time that Russia used its veto to block UN action on the war in Syria.
Shortly after Russia's veto, the Security Council rejected a rival draft presented by Moscow that called for a ceasefire but did not mention a halt in air strikes.
Britain's ambassador to the United Nations, Matthew Rycroft, described Saturday's failure in New York as "a bad day for Russia, but an even worse day for the people of Aleppo".
Following the meeting, his Russian counterpart Vitaly Churkin insisted that diplomatic efforts on Syria were not dead.
The assault on Aleppo was launched just days after the collapse of a ceasefire in Syria that was brokered jointly by Russia and the United States.
Russia says its air strikes target extremist militias such as the Islamic State group but critics say it is more occupied with keeping Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in power than killing jihadists.
An analysis published Sunday by the US-based IHS Conflict Monitor said that in the first quarter of 2016, just 26 percent of Russian strikes in Syria targeted IS.
That dipped to 22 percent in the second quarter, and 17 percent in the third quarter, the report said.
German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier warned that the mounting tensions between Washington and Moscow over the Syrian conflict had created a situation "more dangerous" than the Cold War.
On Sunday, two of Syria's most powerful jihadist groups joined forces, as Fateh al-Sham Front -- a former Al-Qaeda affiliate -- announced it had taken Jund al-Aqsa under its wing.
Jund al-Aqsa is designated as a terrorist organisation by Washington and has been accused of ties to IS.
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