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In a statement marking Saturday's World Press Freedom Day, the UN's culture and media body voiced "deep concern" over the situation in Iraq.
The authorities insist that any regulations are for public safety and note that Iraqi journalists have more freedom than before 2003, when now-executed dictator Saddam Hussein crushed all dissent.
At least 100 journalists and media workers have been killed over the past decade, according to the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists, with Iraq ranking atop the CPJ Impunity Index, which tracks unsolved murders of media workers, since 2008.
Media workers in the northern province of Nineveh have been particularly badly hit, with five killed in provincial capital Mosul in the last three months of 2013 alone.
According to a local press watchdog and many journalists, official restrictions on journalism and lawsuits for alleged defamation can be just as chilling.
"The most dangerous thing we face at this point is the government employing (legal) articles more aggressively than before," said Sarmad al-Taie, a columnist for Al-Mada newspaper and a frequent guest on current affairs television programmes.
A warrant was issued for Taie's arrest in January for criticising incumbent Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki, who is seeking re-election after Wednesday's general election.
Maliki's office declined to say whether it was involved.
- Saddam-era laws remain -
"The rest of the threats are still on a level that we can handle," Taie told AFP. "But the threat that worries us the most is the use of the judiciary against the press."
While Maliki and other Iraqi leaders were dissident opponents of the Baath regime that ruled from 1968 to 2003, they have allowed laws from that era, including one against criticising the head of state, officials and government, to remain on the books.
Journalists also face various routine restrictions, many imposed arbitrarily.
"If a policeman sees you carrying a weapon, he might let you go," said Ziad al-Ajili, head of the Baghdad-based Journalistic Freedoms Observatory.
"But he will never let you go carrying a camera."
"The most dangerous thing in the country is when the security forces control the press, and that is causing a serious crisis."
To work in Baghdad, with its countless checkpoints and security forces everywhere, journalists must have permits.
But even with the right paperwork, which can take weeks to obtain, security forces routinely deny permission to take photographs or video.
Journalists at the scene of bombings are often threatened with arrest, and access to entire neighbourhoods can be denied at the whim of soldiers manning checkpoints.
"Political tensions, instability, the Syrian war, and unhelpfulness of the authorities and security forces, are major factors that have a very negative impact on the safety of journalists and the independence of the media in Iraq," a UNESCO statement said on Saturday.
Maliki's spokesman Ali Mussawi told AFP: "A democratic regime cannot be built unless there is a real free press."
Mussawi continued, however: "We back the freedom of the press, but we cannot prevent complaints presented by some people who feel they have been defamed.
"Journalists must take notice of the law."
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The authorities insist that any regulations are for public safety and note that Iraqi journalists have more freedom than before 2003, when now-executed dictator Saddam Hussein crushed all dissent.
At least 100 journalists and media workers have been killed over the past decade, according to the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists, with Iraq ranking atop the CPJ Impunity Index, which tracks unsolved murders of media workers, since 2008.
Media workers in the northern province of Nineveh have been particularly badly hit, with five killed in provincial capital Mosul in the last three months of 2013 alone.
According to a local press watchdog and many journalists, official restrictions on journalism and lawsuits for alleged defamation can be just as chilling.
"The most dangerous thing we face at this point is the government employing (legal) articles more aggressively than before," said Sarmad al-Taie, a columnist for Al-Mada newspaper and a frequent guest on current affairs television programmes.
A warrant was issued for Taie's arrest in January for criticising incumbent Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki, who is seeking re-election after Wednesday's general election.
Maliki's office declined to say whether it was involved.
- Saddam-era laws remain -
"The rest of the threats are still on a level that we can handle," Taie told AFP. "But the threat that worries us the most is the use of the judiciary against the press."
While Maliki and other Iraqi leaders were dissident opponents of the Baath regime that ruled from 1968 to 2003, they have allowed laws from that era, including one against criticising the head of state, officials and government, to remain on the books.
Journalists also face various routine restrictions, many imposed arbitrarily.
"If a policeman sees you carrying a weapon, he might let you go," said Ziad al-Ajili, head of the Baghdad-based Journalistic Freedoms Observatory.
"But he will never let you go carrying a camera."
"The most dangerous thing in the country is when the security forces control the press, and that is causing a serious crisis."
To work in Baghdad, with its countless checkpoints and security forces everywhere, journalists must have permits.
But even with the right paperwork, which can take weeks to obtain, security forces routinely deny permission to take photographs or video.
Journalists at the scene of bombings are often threatened with arrest, and access to entire neighbourhoods can be denied at the whim of soldiers manning checkpoints.
"Political tensions, instability, the Syrian war, and unhelpfulness of the authorities and security forces, are major factors that have a very negative impact on the safety of journalists and the independence of the media in Iraq," a UNESCO statement said on Saturday.
Maliki's spokesman Ali Mussawi told AFP: "A democratic regime cannot be built unless there is a real free press."
Mussawi continued, however: "We back the freedom of the press, but we cannot prevent complaints presented by some people who feel they have been defamed.
"Journalists must take notice of the law."
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